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Question: Discuss about the Last Drinks Program And Argues. Answer: The essay examines the last Last drinks, Last drinks program and argues that it is a strong example of development of alcohol abuse prevention which targets alcohol related violence. The essay critically analyses the program and provides why it is effective towards solving the problem alcohol abuse in the state of NSW. Alcohol abuse is becoming a major issue in the country from the last decade and it is high time that policies and strategies are implemented in order to address the major growing issue. The selected program has taken a few initiatives to solve the problem in the state of NSW. It has been reported by the Sydney Morning Herald that the state of NSW has the worst statistics when it comes to harm form alcohol along with tackling such problems (SMG 2017). This is a very serious kind of crime which has resulted in a very significant cost for the state and the citizens. Out of all crimes which have taken place in the country and have resulted in police detention such as road vehicle traffic offences, public order offences and assaults of all level are related to the consumption of alcohol (Barratt, Cakic and Lenton 2013 pp 141-146). The other types of crime which is initiated through alcohol use are that of outing in fear, verbal abuse, physical abuse, domestic violence and assault. The consumption of alcohol is in itself not a crime, however it is the reason for mostly all types of crimes which takes place in the society. The harm which is related to the consumption of alcohol is increasingly growing concerns in the Australian community specially related to the young people. It is notoriously difficult to develop initiatives and policies which influence drinking behavior as the consumption of alcohol is not only accepted widely but also is a major part of the Australian culture. The program includes programs similar to that of the Newcastle program such as closing all pubs at 3am, locking out all venues sharp at 1:30 am and restricting the sales of liquor which contains high level alcohol such as tequila shots after 10am (About 2017). However the program does not include spreading awareness about alcohol consumption by educating the young citizens about it, mobilization and community engagement, assessment control and providing late nigh safe transport facilities to the intoxicated person. As provided by social learning theory of crime new behaviors are acquired by imitating and observing others. The process of learning is cognitive and takes place in the social context the process can occur purely through direct instructions or observati on (Downes, Rock and McLaughlin 2016 pp. 111-124). The program takes the use of alcohol in an excessive manner which results in several crimes as stated above as a process of social learning. The customs which are prevalent in the area make the young people indulge in excessive alcoholism. As having alcohol is widely accepted in the society people often do not recognize the limit which can make the consumption seriously harmful for them. The program takes excessive consumption of alcohol as one of the major causes of any kind of crime in the society. The program recognizes alcohol fueled violence as one of the major problems faced by the local communities around the state of NSW. The crime is a constant occupational hazard for nurses, paramedics, Police officers and doctors who in frontline deal with aggressive drunk people in relation to emergency services. Australians are becoming worried increasingly with respect to the negative impact of alcohol on the society. Majority of Australians believe that the society has now become use to the problem of alcohol abuse. The annual alcohol poll 2017 has revealed that 92% of the Australian family believe that consumption of alcohol lead to domestic and family violence. Violence which is fueled by alcohol is continuously becoming one of the main problems for the local communities of New South Wales. Doctors, paramedics, police officer and nurses who work for emergency services aggressively intoxicated people are becoming an occupational hazard. Therefore four major organization representing emergency services in NSW have bonded together to form the last drinks campaign and head on tackling of the issue related to alcohol fueled violence is been aimed by the campaign. The campaign seeks to change the 24/7 drinking culture which has permeated modern Australians. Evidence based policy solution is st rongly believe by the coalition. In addition evidence prove that the most useful way of reducing violence which is filled by alcohol in Australia is by placing restriction on the sale of alcohol late night. Over 30% of night time assaults have been reduced by the implementation of the Newcastle program. The program also imposed various restrictions on license venues in Newcastle. The restrictions which have been initiated by the last drinks last drinks program include the closing of all values by 3 a.m the lock out of all venues by 1:30 a.m and restriction upon the sale of drinks having high alcohol content after 10 p.m. The campaign is similar to that of the New Castle model. The challenge in relation to the campaign is to help other communities within the state to address alcohol related violence. The campaign also seek to reduce the use of drug eyes which is also becoming an increasing problem across the state. The campaign is also undertaking proper research in relation to the i ssue to collect evidence for the purpose of implementing policies against it. The campaign is strictly against the acceptance of drug or alcohol related violence as an Australian way of life. The program recognizes that life is way more important than the consumption of alcohol. The program seeks to target specially the young generation of Australia by restricting the sale of alcohol (About 2017). According to Kypri, McElduff and Miller (2014) pp. 303-310 most of the alcohol related crimes author during night when the people are highly intoxicated. Therefore this evidence based approach taken by the program to restrict the sale of alcohol at night is set to be successful. However a few shortcomings of the program are that it does not include any kind of awareness program for those who indulge in high level alcohol consumption. Various studies such as Jones et al. (2009) pp. 312-317 have proved that awareness resulted in very little success in relation to the prevention of alcohol co nsumption. According to Miller et al. (2014) pp. 314-322 alcohol consumption rate can only be reduced by restricting the sale of alcohol and limiting access to it. Primary prevention is used to prevent the crime before it takes place. This is done by eliminating the source of the crime by identifying it before the crime takes place. This type of prevention is taken in relation to the crime which is yet to take place and the source of which can be identified (Fennelly 2012) pp. 33-44. Secondary prevention of crime is a strategy to reduce the impact of the crime which has already taken place. Secondary prevention is best suited for crimes which have already taken place and the effect of which on the society has to be reduced (Newburn 2012) pp. 121-123. Tertiary prevention of crime aims to reduce the impact of an ongoing problem which is expected to have a lasting effect. This kind of crime prevention strategy is used in cases of crime which are prevalent in the society and the expected to have long lasting effect on it (Greenwood and Turner 2011) pp. 88-129. In this case the program which has been initiated by the coalition is in relation to prim ary prevention of the crime. This can be stated because the program used to restrict the sale of alcohol after a specified time so that the main cause of the alcohol fueled abuse is eradicated. If the citizens would not have access to alcohol over consumption would be restricted which would directly prevent any alcohol affected crime. Situational crime prevention is based on the fact that crime is mostly opportunistic and objects to change contextual factors to restrict the opportunities for the criminals to engage in criminal behavior (Shariati and Guerette 2017) pp. 261-268. Development crime prevention is based on the fact that early intervention in the young persons development can result in significant economic and social benefits (Welsh and Farrington 2014) pp. 221-224. Community prevention is based on the fact that changing the social or physical organization of the communities may have an impact on the behaviors of the individual who live there (Crawford and Evans 2016) pp 89-101. This particular program is community crime prevention mechanism as it used to change social and physical organizations by limiting the sales of alcohol and influence the behavior of individuals. The program is majorly focused on the community as it is seriously getting affected by alcohol abuse. According to Kypri, McElduff and Miller (2014) pp. 303-310 restriction in the closing time of pubs and lockouts can have a very beneficial effect towards reducing the clients caused by alcohol abuse. As the program includes strategies which is limiting the pub time and the sale of alcohol after a prescribed time it may be evidently said that the program is set to achieve its objectives in the same way it has been done in Newcastle. As provided by Jones et al. (2009) restricting the availability of alcohol may significantly reduce alcohol related violence as if the source of violence is eradicated there would be no violence at all. The same concept has been argued by the same concept has been argued by Kypri et al. (2011) pp. 323-326 Therefore it can be provided that this program is set to achieve its objective of restricting and limiting alcohol related violence. The empirical evidence behind such assumption is that similar programs have been used a Newcastle in a very effective manner and had been able to bring down the percentage of alcohol related abuse by 30%in the last 5 years. The crime is understood by the program in a way that it is a part of the society. As consumption of alcohol is widely accepted in the Australian society it is not regarded as a sin and therefore is not mostly associated with criminal activities. However the truth is that alcohol is one of the major causes for crimes which take place and the state. The measures which have been taken by the program are said to be consistent with the way in which the program as understood crime because implementation of community crime prevention technique along with primary crime prevention strategy is best suited to address crime which are a part of the society and affect the community as a whole. The prevention of crime is only possible when the best possible theories, techniques and strategies adopted while the framing of policies and programs. The purpose of effectively designing policies and programs to prevent crime the crime has to be understood in a proper manner. The source of crime has to be identified and the policy should be in relation to the community the victim or the offender. The policy which should be used for the prevention of crime must be in accordance to the relevance of the crime in the society. References About (2017) Last Drinks https://lastdrinks.org.au/about/ Barratt, M.J., Cakic, V. and Lenton, S., 2013. Patterns of synthetic cannabinoid use in Australia.Drug and alcohol review,32(2), pp.141-146. Crawford, T.A.M. and Evans, K., 2016. Crime prevention and community safety. pp. 89-101 Downes, D., Rock, P. and McLaughlin, E., 2016. Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press. pp 111-124 Fennelly, L.J., 2012.Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention. Elsevier. pp. 33-44 Greenwood, P.W. and Turner, S., 2011. Juvenile crime and juvenile justice.Crime and public policy, pp.88-129. Jones, C.G.A., Price, B., Kypri, K., Moffatt, S., Borzycki, C. New South Wales. Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2009, The impact of restricted alcohol availability on alcohol-related violence in Newcastle, NSW / Craig Jones. Pp. 312-317 Kypri, K., Jones, C., McElduff, P. Barker, D. 2011, "Effects of restricting pub closing times on night?time assaults in an Australian city", Addiction, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 303-310. Kypri, K., McElduff, P. Miller, P. 2014, "Restrictions in pub closing times and lockouts in Newcastle, Australia five years on", Drug and Alcohol Review, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 323-326.Applied Policy Analysis Miller, P., Curtis, A., Palmer, D., Busija, L., Tindall, J., Droste, N., Gillham, K., Coomber, K. Wiggers, J. 2014, "Changes in injury?related hospital emergency department presentations associated with the imposition of regulatory versus voluntary licensing conditions on licensed venues in two cities", Drug and Alcohol Review, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 314-322. Newburn, T. ed., 2012.Handbook of policing. Routledge. pp. 121-123 Shariati, A. and Guerette, R.T., 2017. Situational Crime Prevention. InPreventing Crime and Violence(pp. 261-268). Springer International Publishing. SMG (2017) https://www.smh.com.au News NSW News Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P., 2014.The Oxford handbook of crime prevention. Oxford University Press. Pp. 221-224