The African Identity | History and Concepts

The African Identity | History and Concepts As per the Lexicon Webster Dictionary an Identity is alluded to as the condition or character that recognizes someone or something (Lexicon Webster, 1981). The principle recognizing conditions or attributes (the personality) that the slaves had were that they were dark and Africans. Africans who were torn from their country and brought into another world to live under the standard of the white man (Europeans), who accepted that they were substandard and whom they saw as an oppressor. Question, did that Identity endure this mistreatment? Did that feeling of being a glad, dark, African get decreased by the slave exchange? Pleasantly, it would have been difficult to keep up that personality, yet I unequivocally accepted that the quality of the African individuals, the quality that caused them to meet all requirements for the work required on the manors, was a similar quality they took advantage of to clutch each feeling of I am an African. In this paper I would introduce manners by whic h they slaves would have had the option to embosom the African Identity and reasons why many would think it was lost. Additionally I would give the proof present today to help that this character endure sufficiently long to have been moved from age to age and is today, present in the lives of the posterity of slaves. The slaves needed to battle to clutch their Identity; a battle that began as they were being constrained from their countries (Clarke, 1995). This battle proceeded in the Americas. It was a fierce however not deadly attack of the dark African slaves feeling of self. They were being compelled to acknowledge another character; yet did they truly? Or on the other hand was it only a thought? In spite of the fact that the slave drivers confined all structures or African culture from being drilled and authorized their societies, the slaves discovered innovative methods of opposing this. A basic strategy, for example, veiling it under the acts of the whites at any rate to keep some similarity to it alive was embraced (Saharan Vibe, 2007). Truly it would have been difficult to keep up personalities given that they were rebuffed for doing as such. Anyway there are times when they could have interfaced without the vigilant gaze of the slave driver getting them (at evenings, at chapel). There was consistently an insubordinate not many whose cling to the feeling of African personality was solid to the point that even these insignificant minutes were utilized to oppose against the whites by keeping alive any types of the character conceivable and at any rate give it to different ages when they can (Lashington, 2011). There are various practices that we participate in today in the Caribbean and the Americas that are profoundly established in African culture that even we dont figure it out. These help the way that the Identity endure and lives today. It was so unmistakable it was called Africanism, the battle of the Africans to keep Africa Alive. This they did in various social Expressions: Religion, Music, Dance, Festival, Folk stories, Language, and customs. The degree to which the way of life was kept alive was unique in relation to island to island as a result of the time the ranch framework was begun in the specific island and what number of slaves were there (Phillip, 2010). I can by and by bear witness to having partaking in different articulations of conventional African culture. As an artist I have been conscious of learning the Bele moves a local African move that is normally moved to the music of drums, shack shacks and sticks; an absolutely African blend. The Religion: having family members that effectively venerate as Spiritual Baptist I was presented to the Shango and Saraca which was joined by a similar African instruments. I have seen customs, for example, the putting of dark and red or blue Maljo globules on babies when destined to ward of the detestable spirits and went to numerous wakes in my short lifetime. I was educated in school of the Anansi stories that begin from Western Africa and other Moral stories. I have been in a su previously and have had numerous long periods of eating Ashum around all holy people time. In the event that I have encountered is as yet encountering components of African culture today, how could it be that it is s aid to have not endure the slave exchange (Phillip, 2010). The nourishments we eat likewise originates from the African Identity. Instances of this are the ground arrangements and salt fish (however the salt fish is more connected with bondage instead of African culture) yet it was passed down. Setting off to the market right off the bat a Saturday is another quality (Phillip, 2010). To concentrate on the outflow of music to show how unequivocally a few perspectives were kept when contrasted with others. Similarly as music was utilized as a type of correspondence for the slaves during imperialism so it is today as Calypso (particularly in Trinidad) as social critique and Reggae (principally in Jamaica) is utilized to challenge types of persecution. In certain islands/provinces on the grounds that the African music was not uninhibitedly permitted there was a weakening with that of the Europeans. The equivalent was for the language; subsequently the amalgamation of English and African to give patois in the British states and the French and African to give Creole language in the French provinces. The development of these new or adjusted dialects did anyway assume a urgent job in the accomplishment of uprisings and protections that were held in the Caribbean (Take Five, n.d). Because of the characteristics of the Africans see that they will one day be free and come back to the country that has been passed down, we are currently encountering today as reggae music that stinks of the longing of individuals of color to come back to the country. Notable reggae artiste Richie Spice in perhaps the most recent collection In the Streets to Africa has two tracks on the collection that pay tribute to the African legacy. One such track, Black like tar, where flavor sings of being glad to be dark and recognizes Africa as the Motherland. Another of his tracks Motherland Calling sung as a serenade to solid drumming music, Spice again recognizes Africa as the homeland and the conviction that even today the country is as yet calling; Africa is as yet pausing and one day will invite every one of her youngsters back home (Rastaman Vibrations, n.d). At that point there is the Legendary Bob Marley who battled for dark or African freedom from abuse. His tunes discussed Liberation and Unity. In the track Zimbabwe he asked the person of color to get up and battle for be opportunity/freedom and to have rights. The equivalent for Get up stand up another call to get up and battle for our privileges and to never abandon that battle. In another of his tracks Buffalo Soldier the words taken from Africa, brought to America, battling on appearance, battling for endurance; perceives the way that Africans were constrained into bondage and have battled against the mistreatment of the colonialist frameworks to keep the African personality alive all through (Rastaman Vibrations, n.d). The incredible message welcomed on by his tunes proceeds with Marleys tune Chant down Babylon. Babylon to Africans or individuals of color represents the soul of the individuals who oppress, submit massacre, slave work and crush the poor less bit of leeway people groups of the world. Marley additionally perceive the requirement for solidarity on the planet. With this acknowledgment there came tunes One love and Africa Unite a call to the individuals of the world to join for the improvement surprisingly; particularly Africans as they did during subjection. Finally, there is the renowned Redemption Song-the melody of opportunity. A melody whose plan is to promise the individuals that opportunity is conceivable yet that they should free personalities before evident freedom is figured it out. This is clear proof that a similar soul of the African slave to be free and to come back to their country Africa despite everything show in the lives of the Black individuals of the Caribbean and th e Americas today. The reasons that many accept that this character didn't endure was on the grounds that the incredible endeavors of the Europeans to smother any types of the way of life; in view of the dehumanization organized by subjection in the British settlements. These exercises misshaped the idea of what Africans thought of themselves to be nevertheless it didn't kill it. This was the motivation behind why the slaves revolted and opposed against the unfeeling treatment welcomed on by the European slave Trade; and the social control it was initiating on the Africans (Bolland, 2002). I concur that there are components or practices that would have been lost yet to state commonly that the Identity itself was lost isn't right. On the off chance that it didn't endure why, at that point do we here serenade of Kumbayas ringing from dark places of worship today? Why children are still instructed with Anansi stories in the schools? The response to these inquiries is straightforward on the grounds that these things were passed down from our progenitors; slaves (Saharan Vibe, 2007). Another motivation behind why it is accepted that it was for all intents and purposes unthinkable for African captives to have a feeling of character was on the grounds that it was rarely truly recognized and when it was it was distorted as the white man was answerable for documentation of it (Clarke, 1995) This wasnt an occurrence just in the Americas. African history was molded by outer impacts for a considerable length of time. From the Muslim antiquarians from the eighth to fifteenth hundreds of years to the records of European voyagers during the period of investigation to the appalling depiction of Arica as a landmass of interminable obscurity by German logician G.W. Hegel in the nineteenth century. Consequently it has been troublesome even considering the decolonization developments of the mainland. Proceeding with that line, even local journalists asked Africans themselves to grapple with African Identity corresponding to the wanton viciousness that had been forced through post expansionism and that keeps on plagueing Africans in post frontier times. In a careful diversion of how the western world made Africa as an authentic development, from in reverse, threatening and unseemly depicted by Hegel into the twentieth century Europes selection of these more established perspectives (LeFlem, 2008). Therefore o

Case Analysis Of ST Marine Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the ST Marine Case Analysis. Answer: Presentation The case is about record adulteration of S$48,887 by the previous senior VP (money) and gathering monetary controller of Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine gathering. Ong Teck Liam (VP) and other four top administrators confessed to a few charges. The court discovered that this training was done to encourage the installment of pay-offs to the workers of ST Maritime clients. This report looks at the case and arrangements of the issues while advocating them. An inside and out clarification of every issue is given and research diaries used to legitimize the activities as unlawful, question the exercises and offers possible elective goals. Segment one arrangements with case examination and three issues for the situation are recognized and legitimized in particular bookkeeping extortion, representative pay off and maltreatment of intensity. Proposals are then made for every one of the issues distinguished. Case Analysis The issues for the situation can be summed up into three, in particular, bookkeeping extortion/distortion of records, paying off of representatives for favors in business and maltreatment of intensity or authority. Bookkeeping Fraud Bookkeeping extortion is the procedure by which bookkeeping specialists utilize their insight to control the figures in the record books (Jones, 2011). As indicated by Bebbington et al. (2014), the way toward bookkeeping in its inclination requests the execution of differed thought processes and thoughts. It is from this assorted variety that control emerges, lie and manufacture at some less dependable bookkeeping staff. As indicated by Section 477A of the punitive code of the Singapore constitution, distortion of records is considered as bookkeeping misrepresentation. A record can be any book, composing, or any security of significant worth. Bookkeeping extortion happens when there is a penetrate in the money related arrangement of an association with the end goal that the misrepresentation isn't effectively recognized (Sharma, Panigrahi, 2013). Likewise, the trick typically includes more than one individual in light of the fact that any budgetary exchange or endorsement must experi ence a procedure which includes different money related supervisors vested with various specialists. For the situation under investigation, the record misrepresentation was done by the VP of account by marking a lot of counterfeit checks adulterated as discounts to the representatives for the amusement costs which were never brought about as a general rule. The purpose behind the distortion of the records was to siphon cash from the organization and to pay off the representatives of ST Marines clients. This demonstration adds up to bookkeeping extortion and the VP (fund), Ong, is blameworthy of the offense. To exacerbate the situation, she had identified this anomaly when she was first utilized at ST Marine, Ong was approached to sign money checks which had no supporting receipts, and when she scrutinized her staff in the account division, she was informed of the illicitness and that it had become a custom. She consented to join business as usual and continued with bogus preparing claims in the wake of hearing that previous senior administrators had rehearsed the anomaly for more th an 12 years. She was even given an archive on the best way to subtly fashion the cases without notice. Different authorities that arranged and offered the money incentives did as such under the authorization of the official administration of ST Marine, for example, the previous head working official Han Kwang; ST Marine president See Teck among others. The administration ought to have misrepresentation identification strategies set up, and they ought to be noticeable to all the staff. As per Omar et al. (2016), the perceivability of the control techniques to the workers assists with forestalling fake practices. The association ought to embrace various detailing systems as a method of recognizing and forestalling extortion (Stubbs, Higgins, 2014). Hence, the HR division needs to rebuild the associations detailing structure to oblige different report systems. Paying off of representatives. Pay off is a demonstration where degenerate dealings are done with representatives of potential temporary workers or clients with the point of making sure about a business advantage over contenders (Ameyaw et al., 2012). Instances of pay off have gotten normal in the current serious and money related emergency showcase where every association is all set for any miles remembering connecting with for lawless acts to guarantee that they stay serious in the market and play out the best. Pay off is another type of debasement, a demonstration that is illegalized by all countries on the planet since it debilitates the business sectors and government assistance, and makes the initiative, organizations, and organizations to seem incredulous (Brammer, Walker, 2011). Cheung, Rau, Stouraitis, (2012) affirm that pay off claims can take various structures relying upon the idea of the business and are considered by firms as the definite easy route to organization improvement and achievement. On acc ount of record misrepresentation in Singapore, representatives of ST Marine clients were paid off with the goal that they could grant contracts for transport fix, building, or change administrations. This likewise bargains the methodology that is required in the granting of agreements, where all the bidders are assessed, and the champ is granted by capability as it were. The boat fix contracts were granted in light of the fact that the workers of the client organization had been undermined through a pay off. In this manner ST Marine increased an uncalled for advantage over their rivals consequently adding up to a wrongdoing culpable in any official courtroom. Much the same as Cheung, Rau, Stouraitis, (2012) note that organizations participate in pay-offs for the honor of agreements for increasingly critical advantages, ST Marine is a guide with that impact. The court discovered that ST Marine had spent at least S$24.9 million in pay-offs for more than twelve years. This is proof tha t the organization was picking up from its act of paying off despite the fact that it was unlawful. The decision of the courtroom on Ong liable for bookkeeping misrepresentation and encouraging pay off nearby four other senior officials is confirmation of the lawlessness of their activities. To stop the way of life of worker pay off at ST Marine which has been cultivated for long, the association needs to make a straightforward and open procedure of agreement securing. The HR group ought to adjust the arrangements on the acquisition procedure after genuine investigation to distinguish any escape clauses. Armstrong Taylor (2014) reasons that authoritative approaches on obtainment serve to forestall any holes where just a couple of individuals are engaged with the procedure. The human asset office ought to likewise energize familiarity with the code of morals at the work environment (Bishop, 2013). The HR the board ought to sort out courses and workshops to sharpen the representatives of these morals. Maltreatment of intensity Maltreatment of intensity is a demonstration that is rehearsed by those of higher specialists at the working environment and is viewed as a wrongdoing (Rosenblatt, 2012). Maltreatment of power can occur in various structures relying upon the circumstance (Bartling, Fehr, Schmidt, 2013). Maltreatment of intensity can be characterized as exploiting the vested powers and abusing them for personal stake. For the situation, the claims of record distortion are executed by senior official officials of ST Marine who incorporate the senior VP of account, the previous head working official, Aerospace president among others. Ong who was the VP (account) is the one vested with the authority of supporting any budgetary costs and without her mark, no cash can be discharged. This is a similar case with other senior administration authorities embroiled for the situation. The report on the best way to control figures in the money office was introduced to Ong after she presumed some wrongdoing in the money checks she was to favor. She as educated that the previous head working official used to approve the payment of such invented claims. This, consequently, suggests the way of life of bookkeeping extortion was started and impelled by people with great influence whose duty was to keep such issues from occurring. As indicated by Wells (2013), it is the senior administration that is ordinarily in the bleeding edge in the instances of pay offs for the honor of agreements since they would need the associations they are making a beeline for perform and along these lines serves to be a snappier technique. The issue of abuse of intensity for the situation is a consequence of the absence of productive and successful review by the directorate. To check any chance of this issue emerging once more, ST Marine should set an announcing framework where all the staff in the association are made mindful of the extortion hazard strategy and the related outcomes (Joseph et al., 2015). The human asset the board ought to sort out for a normal mindfulness battle notwithstanding staying authoritative qualities at basic gathering spots to persistently help the workers to remember what is anticipated from them. The association ought to likewise actualize inside controls that will guarantee the wellbeing of bookkeeping records. This should be possible by isolating obligations in the money division with the goal that not a solitary individual can confirm a budgetary exchange (Adetoso et al., 2013). Proposals The issue encompassing the instance of ST Marine for more than 12 years currently is a moral issue that requires the foundation and improvement of a moral culture. Goetsch, Davis (2014) sees that morals the executives procedure is the focal job of the HR office in a joint effort with different divisions. Priest (2013) opines that authoritative duty and sets of principles are subject to the built up corporate culture. Along these lines it is basic on account of ST Maritime to fabricate a moral culture so as to manage the reason for the issues. a key human asset the executives (SHRM) that is perfect for ST Maritime is one that will set up and build up a moral culture. This SHRM will initially survey morals dangers and openings that exist in the organization, at that point create and amend the current code of morals and procedures in like manner. In the wake of finding out the missing connection, at that point the subsequent stage is to incorporate t

An elderly person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An older individual - Essay Example I found the hardships and oppressive sick treatment individuals face in our locale when they develop old. It is just sad how older individuals don't get the convention by more youthful ages who don't, for once, consider the way that they will need to experience a similar age sometime down the road. This paper involves the maltreatment and disregards that individuals face at more established ages and measures that can be taken to beat these issues. A concise visit As I entered the old home, the upsetting smell of mothballs and pee got me. Before long invulnerable to it, I proceeded onward to distinguish individuals that may be generally suitable to be met. A large portion of them had bumped backs as though they worried about concern of a million privileged insights for a considerable length of time. As I chose a squeaking bed to start my meetings of chose individuals, I couldn’t make out if the squeaking sounds out of sight were that of the bed or of their corroded knees moving . Every one of them easily shared their encounters and as their wrinkled and rugged lips moved, I could feel tears streaming down my cheeks hearing the disastrous stories behind those blue and green veins and fragile cleaned once-youngsters. Misuse and disregard of the old My discoveries from meeting individuals at the organization presumed that they all have experienced a maltreatment during their maturing periods. They face circumstances habitually where they are mishandled and disregarded. This included physical maltreatment where their friends and family completed activities planned for harming, harming or making physical torment them. Because of mature age, these individuals resemble withered blossoms that can't stand the weight of wireless transmissions. They are unequipped for safeguarding themselves against physical brutality and wind up experiencing wounds, strains, consumes and fractural wounds. Much more terrible, numerous old individuals were upset through passionate tor menting and mental maltreatment. Utilizing offending verbal articulations and mortifying language are normal signals that trigger mental abuses. All the more usually watched occasions included undermining by their overseers to abandon them at old homes or comparable organizations and henceforth some of them in the end wound up there. Once in a while, there were cases that guaranteed that their relatives were occupied with misappropriation of cash or legacy property and intimidation to sign wanted wills or authoritative archives. Generally disregard was intentional on part of their overseers who planned to rebuff them by keeping them starved or denied of prescriptions and different necessities. In any case, infrequently some were of the view that their family was excessively involved or unable to take appropriate consideration of them (Lachs and Pillemer, 1995). Restorative estimates The inquiry that emerges is the means by which to stop this social shrewdness that has installed as a feature of our locale. I asked from my interviewees how they recommend this snag can be survived. It is significant that masses be instructed at national level and through hierarchical activists and weight gatherings with the goal that mindfulness is built up and virtues are improved at singular level. It is the framework and impression of individuals that need patching up to be liberated from preference against elderly folks individuals. Battles must be led to make better mindfulness and guidelines must be fused that dishearten and punish such damaging acts. Privileges of elderly folks individuals should be reestablished through changes in legitimate structures and idea of systematization must be stifled carefully.

Marketing Plan for a Smartphone [ Free Example ]

Marketing Plan for Smartphone 1.0 Executive Summary TT Mobile is a startup company focusing on the marketing of smartphones. Our company intends to launch the smartphones business because the smartphones have revolutionized the communication landscape, and many consumers are switching from the traditional cell phones to the smartphones because of the benefits they derive from using the smartphones. Apart from assisting the consumer to make the voice and video calls, the smartphones also provide the online browsing services assisting in communicating through the chat messaging. Moreover, a number of smartphones users globally reached 1.57 billion in 2014, and the smartphone users have increased to 2.1 billion towards by the end of 2016. Moreover, the number of smartphone users globally is forecasted reaching 2.87 billion by 2020. (Statista, 2016). In the United States, 35% of American adults are using the smartphones, and in 2010, 62.6 million Americans were using the smartphones, which increased to 189 million by the end of 2015. Howe ver, the number of smartphone users are projected reaching 264.3 million by 2021. Our company will take the advantages of an increase in the number of smartphone users in the United States and globally to launch our smartphone company, and we aim to become a distinguished leader in the distribution of the smartphones. Our success factor will involve an identification of the emerging trends, integrating these trends into our business operations and responding to the technology change. We will also aim to deliver high-quality services to the customer by investing money and time in the marketing plan to expand our customer base. We will raise fund from banks to expand our operations in the United States and create the niche markets for our products. Our marketing operation will assist in creating a unique brand and we expect our sales to increase by more than 50% each year as being revealed in Fig 1: Fig 1: Sales by Year 1.1: Vision Our vision is to offer the customer the best and the highest quality smartphone product focusing on personalized services by delivering convenience and rapid services. We will also be using an advanced in technology to assist customer choosing their product. We will develop our staff to achieve a strong vendor’s relationship skills to meet customer demand. Our vision is also to provide the customer with excellent services, maintaining our referral network base, and respond to customer problem rapidly. 1.2: Objectives Our business, financial and marketing objectives are as follows: Business Objectives To increase the company growth To increase the retail outlets across the United States by more than 50% Financial Objectives To generate sales of $350,000 in year 1 To increase sales to $500,000 in year 2 To record revenue of $700,000 in year 3. Marketing Objectives Our marketing objective is to expand our marketing reach To increase our brand recognition Increase the telemarketing efforts. 2.0: Target Market Our target market will focus on consumer between 17 and 55 because these age groups are the largest percentages of people using the smartphones in the United States. However, our marketing effort will focus on the college students. 2.1: Market Segmentation Our company will focus our marketing campaign on five categories of customers revealed as follows: Children aged 10-17 years Professionals Students General public, and Companies or service organizations that need to be in constant communication with their employees. Table 1 presents our market analysis: Table 1: Market Analysis Potential Customer Children 10-17 Students Professionals General Public Operating Service Companies Other Total Growth 3% 2% 2% 2% 4% 1% 2.29% YEAR 1 90 50 40 250 40 30 500 YEAR 2 92,7 51 40,8 255 41,6 30,3 511,4 YEAR 3 95,481 52,02 41,616 260,1 43,264 30,603 523,084 YEAR 4 98,345 53,06 42,448 265,302 44,995 30,909 535,059 YEAR 5 101,295 54,121 43,297 270,608 46,795 31,218 547,334 CAGR 3.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 4.00% 1.00% 2.29% 3: Competitive Forces We presume to face competitions from existing and new companies in the United States and outside the United States. We presume facing competitions from companies such as Best Buy, Amazon, Walmart, Newegg T-Mobile and AT T. Our company also presumes facing competitions with small companies. However, we will develop a unique marketing technique to enjoy market shares. 3.1: Marketing Strategy We will use both short term and long term marketing strategies to boost sales and achieve our marketing objectives. Our short-term marketing strategy will include: Purchasing Advertising Social media Bulletin Boards, Search Engines. Advert in trade journals; Trade shows conferences; User group; Telemarketing; Targeted sales calls; Direct mailing, and Customer referrals. Moreover, our long-term marketing technique will assist us bringing a steady flow of traffic, which will include: Opt-in Lists Freebies Content Online adverts By using the combination of both short-term and long-term marketing strategy, we will be able to excel our competitors. Moreover, we will create a website to launch an internet marketing to achieve a guaranteed success. We will also focus on the sales promotion for the short term marketing using the niche positioning to develop the customer and market services. 4: Sales Forecast Our sales are forecasted to increase year by year. Starting from $357,000 in Year 1 and reaching $710,000 in Year 3 as revealed in Table 2 below: Table 2: SALES FORECAST YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Sales Smart Phones $138,000 $190,000 $270,000 Smart Phones Accessories $126,000 $160,000 $200,000 Smart Wireless Phones $46,500 $60,000 $90,000 Other Services $46,500 $90,000 $150,000 TOTAL SALES $357,000 $500,000 $710,000 Direct Cost of Sales Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Smart Phones $31,650 $43,560 $61,900 Smart Phones Accessories $30,450 $41,500 $51,800 Smart Wireless Phones $11,700 $15,500 $23,300 Other Services $11,710 $23,300 $38,900 Direct Cost of Sales (Subtotal) $85,510 $123,860 $175,900 Our sales forecast monthly is revealed in the table below: SALES FORECAST MONTH 1 MONTH 2 MONTH 3 MONTH 4 MONTH 5 MONTH 6 MONTH 7 MONTH 8 MONTH 9 MONTH 10 MONTH 11 MONTH 12 Sales Smart Phones 0% $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $11,000 $11,000 $11,000 $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 $13,000 $13,000 $13,000 Smart Phones Accessories 0% $9,000 $9,000 $9,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $11,000 $11,000 $11,000 $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Smart Wireless Phones 0% $3,500 $3,500 $3,500 $3,750 $3,750 $3,750 $4,000 $4,000 $4,000 $4,250 $4,250 $4,250 Other Services 0% $3,500 $3,500 $3,500 $3,750 $3,750 $3,750 $4,000 $4,000 $4,000 $4,250 $4,250 $4,250 TOTAL SALES $26,000 $26,000 $26,000 $28,500 $28,500 $28,500 $31,000 $31,000 $31,000 $33,500 $33,500 $33,500 Direct Cost of Sales Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Smart Phones $2,300 $2,300 $2,300 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,750 $2,750 $2,750 $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 Smart Phones Accessories $2,250 $2,250 $2,250 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,600 $2,600 $2,600 $2,900 $2,900 $2,900 Smart Wireless Phones $900 $900 $900 $950 $950 $950 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,050 $1,050 $1,050 Other Services $900 $900 $900 $950 $950 $950 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,060 $1,050 $1,050 Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales $6,350 $6,350 $6,350 $6,800 $6,800 $6,800 $7,350 $7,350 $7,350 $8,010 $8,000 $8,000 Success Metric We will use the pro forma profits and loss as our success metric where our sales and net profits are projected increasing year after year. The monthly sales are revealed in the Appendix 1. PRO FORMA PROFIT AND LOSS YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Sales $357,000 $500,000 $710,000 Direct Cost of Sales $85,510 $123,860 $175,900 Other Costs of Sales $26,824 $30,000 $45,000 TOTAL COST OF SALES $112,334 $153,860 $220,900 Gross Margin $244,666 $346,140 $489,100 Gross Margin % 68.53% 69.23% 68.89% Expenses Payroll $123,000 $135,960 $148,600 Marketing/Promotion $4,500 $10,000 $25,000 Depreciation $0 $0 $0 Rent $24,000 $24,000 $24,000 Insurance $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Payroll Taxes $0 $0 $0 Other $0 $0 $0 Total Operating Expenses $163,500 $181,960 $209,600 Profit Before Interest and Taxes $81,166 $164,180 $279,500 EBITDA $81,166 $164,180 $279,500 Interest Expense $0 $0 $0 Taxes Incurred $24,350 $49,254 $83,850 Net Profit $56,816 $114,926 $195,650 Net Profit/Sales 15.91% 22.99% 27.56% Reference Statista (2016). A number of smartphone users worldwide from 2014 to 2020 (in billions). Statista Inc. Appendices Appendix 1:PRO FORMA PROFIT AND LOSS MONTH 1 MONTH 2 MONTH 3 MONTH 4 MONTH 5 MONTH 6 MONTH 7 MONTH 8 MONTH 9 MONTH 10 MONTH 11 MONTH 12 Sales $26,000 $26,000 $26,000 $28,500 $28,500 $28,500 $31,000 $31,000 $31,000 $33,500 $33,500 $33,500 Direct Cost of Sales $6,350 $6,350 $6,350 $6,800 $6,800 $6,800 $7,350 $7,350 $7,350 $8,010 $8,000 $8,000 Other Costs of Sales $2,000 $2,040 $2,081 $2,122 $2,165 $2,208 $2,252 $2,297 $2,343 $2,390 $2,438 $2,487 TOTAL COST OF SALES $8,350 $8,390 $8,431 $8,922 $8,965 $9,008 $9,602 $9,647 $9,693 $10,400 $10,438 $10,487 Gross Margin $17,650 $17,610 $17,569 $19,578 $19,535 $19,492 $21,398 $21,353 $21,307 $23,100 $23,062 $23,013 Gross Margin % 67.88% 67.73% 67.57% 68.69% 68.54% 68.39% 69.02% 68.88% 68.73% 68.95% 68.84% 68.70% Expenses Payroll $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 $10,250 Marketing/Promotion $0 $500 $500 $500 $0 $0 $1,000 $0 $1,000 $0 $1,000 $0 Depreciation $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Rent $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 Insurance $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 Payroll Taxes 15% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Other $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Operating Expenses $13,250 $13,750 $13,750 $13,750 $13,250 $13,250 $14,250 $13,250 $14,250 $13,250 $14,250 $13,250 Profit Before Interest and Taxes $4,400 $3,860 $3,819 $5,828 $6,285 $6,242 $7,148 $8,103 $7,057 $9,850 $8,812 $9,763 EBITDA $4,400 $3,860 $3,819 $5,828 $6,285 $6,242 $7,148 $8,103 $7,057 $9,850 $8,812 $9,763 Interest Expense $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Taxes Incurred $1,320 $1,158 $1,146 $1,748 $1,886 $1,873 $2,144 $2,431 $2,117 $2,955 $2,644 $2,929 Net Profit $3,080 $2,702 $2,673 $4,079 $4,400 $4,369 $5,003 $5,672 $4,940 $6,895 $6,168 $6,834 Net Profit/Sales 11.85% 10.39% 10.28% 14.31% 15.44% 15.33% 16.14% 18.30% 15.93% 20.58% 18.41% 20.40%

Some Stereotypical Jobs for Woman - 1388 Words

A woman’s only job is to stay at home, take care of her family, and pleasure her man. What is a man’s job? â€Å"Men, they do everything,† quoted a fellow male classmate, â€Å"Men get the real money.† But it is the twenty-first century! Women are no longer expected to stay at home; they have taken roles as teachers, doctors, C.E.O.s, part of the military, and the list goes on. As for men, it is now acceptable for them to stay at home, take care of their families or even become nannies and nurses. Will Meek, creator of website â€Å"Psychology of Men†, defined gender role as a set of attitudes, behaviors, and self-presentation methods ascribed to members of a certain biological sex. Gender roles have changed throughout the course of American history;†¦show more content†¦Make your personal appearance just as beautiful as possible† (Hill’s Manual of Social and Business Forms, 1888). It didn’t really matter whether she was happy or not. A woman’s purpose in life was to obey her family and her husband’s family and make them pleased. A man’s purpose in life was also to please his family by becoming someone important and bringing his family satisfaction and honor. They were told what to become and didn’t exactly have a choice; they had to obey by what their families wanted. In some cases, this still stands today, but some families aren’t as harsh and are a little more lenient. He was also to provide nourishment and shelter for his wife and children. Society back then would laugh and judge a man that obeys his wife and puts her before himself. They would look down to a man that would rather become a nurse rather than a politician. They expected a man to be in control. Families back then wanted to birth males so that they can expand the family name and gain power. The males represented the family as whole, whereas the females represented their husbands and their kids. 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Slavery And The United States - 2111 Words

Every since the start of slavery, in 1619 and all the way up until now 2016, people have been socially, religiously, and sexually profiled by their race. It could be something just as simple as where they come from, how they talk, their beliefs, or the color of their skin. We all are very aware of the history of slavery and how things went on in that time. I was far more horrific and blood-curdling back then. Unlike today protesting, rallying, and fight back was not an option back then, of course some stood up for what they believed in those were the boldest. Those who dared to challenge the authorities were the bravest, those who sat back at waited for a change were the patient. Slavery took place in many parts of the world. But we†¦show more content†¦For example, Harriet Tubman risked her life for year, bring slaves to the underground railroad. In 1857, Dred Scott bought his former master s wife to court to testify against her. Although he lost, he still had enough courage to try. Now, most might think of African-Americans when it comes to slavery because that is the most talked about. That is what most children are taught in history classes or school in general, but African-American were not the only ones who suffered for years on end. They were not the only ones who yearned for their freedom and well treatment. What about the child slavery (Child Labor) in many different parts of the world. Some places such as, China, Brazil, India, Japan and many others. Children working at ages 5 and up to make garments for popular brands. The children are working for such little money, they might not be able to feed themselves let alone their families. They work in disgusting, airless, overheating conditions, they listen and do whatever they are told because that is all they know. Doing their best to try not to get injured or hurt too severely because if they die they would be discarded and replaced like nothing ever happened. They do not even get to wear or use any of the items that they are slaving over. What

Distribution Management

Question: Discuss about theDistribution Management. Answer: Introduction Marketplace studies evaluations have decided that shipping and logistics region is developing rapidly mainly in growing nations like Asian international locations. This sector has benefited more from globalization. Transportation employer consists of truck or bus transportation, air transportation, water transportation and air travel. The technique of Transportation and logistics includes making plans and controlling the flow of uncooked substances, warehousing, garage, and switch to semi-completed and finished merchandise from the factor of basis to stop character. Deliver chain manipulate one of the modern-day dispositions in the transportation of products. Logistics approach the integration of inventory, packing, transport, fabric managing, records, and warehousing. (Kirkeby, 2014) Marketplace critiques said that the transportation and logistics companies are transferring merger and acquisition reputation inside the course of infrastructure. Transportation and logistics agency is gambling a vital function in the global financial gadget. On this industry, the phrase shipping stands for the motion of passengers or human beings from one region or continent to the different place. The phrase logistics pertains to transportation approach movement of merchandise from one area to a few other. In all transportation and logistics technique movement of goods and people from the region to the location. There are three varieties of transportation viz. air travel, railroad transportation, and sea transportation. (Yee. 2013) Efficient, fee great distribution management, an agency need to put forward the basis for actual, inexpensive shipping. They permit smooth implementation of the strategic adjustments of an employer. The company reduces expenses while then again growth customer support. Shipment transport is one of the primary methods of transportation. In preceding time while transferring load and people during the seas became not so smooth anymore. However current, most industrial groups do commercial enterprise globally, and they export merchandise and different matters to individuals and corporations around the sector. The economies of maximum international locations rely on the large element on exporting goods to various nations (Colyle, 2010). There are numerous matters to recollect in advance than deciding on a proper cargo delivery company. The maximum critical thing to don't forget is the timeliness of delivery. The Coca-Cola agency has additionally to care approximately the assurance provided via the enterprise organization of cargo offerings. Earlier than sending items, many things need to understand. Concerning the carrier and technique of goods delivery is inside the followings: Functions of Transportation The accuracy and time of transport: Time of shipping is one of the important, critical matters in choosing logistics cargo offerings. Time is via its transporter mode. Choose for a dependable service - the success of any enterprise widely speak rely upon the functionality to ensure that the customers receive the products they order. Finally, you need to usually pick out-out for a dependable service that makes sure items brought to the respective clients, without fail. A mobile carrier additionally gives you with all the assistance had to abide through the manner of the export and rules in excellent international locations. Assure earlier than finalizing any logistic cargo offerings, and one have to ask for clarification concerning the assurance the organization gives this. The Coca-Cola organization also make a call to the customer support of the logistic organization seeking for a proof approximately the timeliness assures. It's miles vital because of the fact the warranty period closely associated with the transportation mode used, and the charge of postage. The delivery course of action makes objects and products rapid and offers clearly timed and at the edge of efficacy to defend price-introduced downward the after most cost principle. Delivery influences the outcomes of logistics sports activities and, of the system, it affects concept and sale. Inside the logistics appliance, bus rate manage additionally has seemed as an embargo of the heartfelt market. The move for caravan varies by all of the particular industries. For the one's products mutually a small quantity, little weight, and disproportionate value. Transport fee soon occupies an entirely close to the ground part of the balls in the air and is tons much petty seemed; for the ones hard to use, obese and coffee-valued products, truck occupies a carrying a lot of weight percentage of the distribute and affects earnings preferably, and accordingly ways more grandiose done. Transportation performs a connective position close but no cigar of the beyond number steps that inspire th e transformation of sources into satisfying items within the assembly of the particular customer. The scenario for easily a few those talents and sub-features what is coming to one into an appliance of products brain child to cut fee maximize provider to the clients that explain the work of genius of merchandise logistics (Bosman, 2015). The allusion, as abruptly as carved in the stone region, wish to be sufficiently controlled. Historically the one's steps separate like a chicken by all of its head cut off groups for the deal, electronic information, a bucket of the bolt, wholesaling, and retail intercourse, all the same mainly, production/manufacturing plant kingdom, warehousing offerings, merchandising establishments are all approximately doing transportation. Production or trading flowers prescribed the Congress of substances, additives, and substances, without or by all of storage, processing, and backdrop coping within the fabricated and equivocate stock. Warehousing offerings amongst drinks and hype shops perturbed separate transport. Vending establishments pleased the chain by all of the traffic to the customers. The manufacturers intimidated themselves to the concept of products, leaving advertising and bisection to great companies. Warehousing and park can arm of the law in favor regarding offerings for the producing behavior and output delivery. There had been having to do with changes inner the chain and outlook of facilities by all of the closing of many hit user warehouses and a diffusion of mix facilities and dissolution services. (Cooper, 2012) These tendencies adopt elements collectively with better propagation offerings and pressures to recuperate logistics from one end to the other average performance. The position that transportation plays in logistics machine is extra complicated than wearing items for the owners. Its complexity can take effect most likely via enormously important management. As an instance, the way of nicely dealt with the delivery tool, goods can be dispatched to the right vicinity at the appropriate time to fulfill clients demands. It brings efficacy, and additionally it builds a bridge between producers and customers. Consequently, transportation is the base of overall performance and financial system in organization logistics and expands one-of-a-kind capabilities of the logistics gadget. Additionally, a splendid delivery device acting in logistics activities brings blessings not most efficient to company first-class but additionally to enterprise agency competitiveness. Take a look at the license of the company: always try and pick a cargo transport agency that is bonded and authorized. In case you select such companies, you are confident of outstanding customer service, failing which, you may reimburse financially. A licensed corporation offers terrific customer support. The shipment firm this is licensed holds a license from a recognized governing authority. So, it sticks to certain values and standards that are a set up with the aid of the executive department. Maintain in thoughts the prices provided - in case you are an employer character and need to reduce the charge of gadgets that you sell to the customer, you want to lessen the cost of transportation. For that reason, you need to constantly try and choose out the organization which offers very low-fee costs. There are many transportation groups in recent times; as a result, it's going not to be hard to you to discover a cargo transportation company to offer you with the kind of charges Transportation industries have scaled more heights than before, and there are plenty greater patron reviews thanks to the large quantity of information availability. To grow to be a key player in the times of driving opposition, you just want to keep up with the pace of discovery. The idea is to evolve to substitute regarding services and infrastructure. It helps an insider inside the corporation to provide better offerings to the customers as a way to lessen their operational prices through making the sort of facts technology. The in-intensity area information, in addition to technological capabilities, is there to assist customers in overcoming challenges associated with the fee, super, and operations(Fair, 2013). The significance of a great Transportation gadget without dependable transportation, most commercial activity couldn't function. Competitive Advantage to the Company A new and inexpensive transportation device contributes to increased competition within the marketplace, more economies of scale in production and decreased charges for objects. Greater opposition with a poorly evolved transportation equipment, the extent of the market confined too. The areas are right away surrounding the element of manufacturing. Except for production, fees are noticeably small in assessment with those at a construction element that is, the manufacturing price difference offsets the transportation expenses of serving the other marketplace no longer a great deal competition might be to take area. (Ross, 2011) However, with enhancements in the transportation machine, the landed charges for products in foreign markets can be aggressive with other merchandise promoting within the same markets. Savings of Scale Wider markets can bring about lower manufacturing charges. With the additional quantity furnished with the assist of these markets, similarly intense use could make of manufacturing facilities and specialization of hard work commonly follows. Also, cheap transportation additionally lets in the decoupling of contracts and creating websites. Cheap shipping affords a degree of freedom in deciding on manufacturing sites such that production may place in which there is a geographic gain. Decreased Charges Cheaper transportation also contributes to reduced product fees. The prices take area now not only because of the increased opposition inside the marketplace but additionally because transportation is a part charge alongside production, promoting, and distinct distribution costs that make up the mixture product price. As traffic becomes high green, in addition to offering progressed performance, society blessings via a higher stand of the living. (McGinnis, 2014) The hassle solvers act as a bridge between generation and Coca Cola Company to acquire consumer excellence thru optimization of expenses. They are experts at solving essential challenge applications in transportation manipulate answer for the commercial enterprise leaders. Green transport lets in them to offer best purchases experience thru non-forestall technique development and bright rate blessings. The valuable resource pool of working and technical professionals extends over thousand to provide round-the-clock assist to marketplace and Modernization for transportation and logistics vertical. (Network, 2013) The Diversifying Training. The transportation magnificence as it bifurcates into air shipment reserving, warehouse, ability manipulate, warehousing, and distribution, logistics manager overlaying freight, courier, and mail as well as ports, delivery, and terminal managing. The initial solution presented properly here are application development, legacy modernization, aid and preservation of the relevant software program, company and technology consulting and ERP implementation. Similarly, the businesses provide a terrific guarantee and test automation, retail enterprise analytics, and intelligence further to machine integration. Our area of hobby offerings includes business intelligence and analytics. System Unification and Fee Addition. Transportation and logistics services assist the industries in improving their performance and rising visibility for the duration of their network. The particular technique integrates with the charge brought solutions and services so that the logistics establishments can continuously innovate, make use of their technological systems and get maximum benefits. The IT solution groups serve four segments comprising shippers, logistics carrier companies, freight forwarders and different transport agencies. The kind of Services for all Segments. With their help, shippers ought to make their deliveries to customers exactly on time. Freight forwarders can enhance their visibility and keep lots of coins reaching price advantages. A diffusion of offerings enabled in the areas like value introduced services, transport, and warehouse management generation. There are logistics related answers for analytics, once more office optimization, finding out and integration. Hence, clients can get benefits out of hundreds of generation professionals, career specialists for infrastructure and active clients conducting a mutual communicate frequently. Different Participants in Transportation in an Industry The traffic surroundings affect the variety of selections that can achieve in a logistical gadget. Now not like most commercial transactions transportation choices stimulated through six participants: (Cooper, 2012) Merchant and Agent The shipper and consignee have a common hobby in transferring gadgets from starting to excursion spot at a given time at the bottom price. Offerings related to transportation consist of centered pickup and delivery times expected transit time, and zero loss and damage, in addition to the proper and well-timed change of information and, invoicing. Courier Dealers. The company, a commercial enterprise that performs a transportation service, desires to maximize its sales for motion at the identical time as reducing associated expenses. As a company, groups want to fee their clients the highest rate feasible at the same time as minimizing hard work, gasoline, and automobile costs required to finish the movement. To benefit this goal, the provider seeks to coordinate pickup and delivery instances so that it will the business enterprise or consolidate many different shippers' freight into movements that the advantage financial system of scale and distance. Agents and Freight Forwarders are delivery sellers that facilitate carrier and client matching. Authorities The authorities have a vested interest in transportation because of the considerable importance of reliable provider to financial and social nicely-being. Government dreams a wholesome and efficient transportation environment to assist economic boom. A stable and green transportation environment name for that vendors offer critical offerings at an affordable value. Due to the direct impact of site visitors on economic fulfillment, governments have historically extra involved inside the practices of organizations than in maximum different business firms. A current development inside the transportation industry is an in-depth collection of net based totally absolutely and mainly on cloud computing services. The number one benefit of such communications is the potential of corporations to proportion real time statistics with customers and providers. Information change working over the net presents companies the possibility to mixture their buying and become aware of opportunities across an in depth range of potential companies. The availability of actual-time information is enhancing shipment visibility to the factor wherein tracing and tracking are not a venture. Further to actual-time profile, the internet can be used to proportion facts concerning scheduling and capability planning. (Thomas, 2014) Cross Docking Cross docking affect the by the number of interested forwarding chapter and verse for transporting in the earliest and shortest foreshadow possible. The docking show once and for all to costs mean at higher percent and sound management. For our case, Coca-Cola Company has with it an arm of profit by making candy from doing away full costs for packing, loading, and storage. Supplier Authority and Integration. Coca-Cola Company perplex suppliers around delivering their products. The involvement raises the value of information show and tell, and increase the value of oneness which involve unforeseen barriers that manage arise in the style. Lesson Learned. Transportation and union administration incorporate in that logistics and plow back into chain ministry needs to auto to function the entailed work and bolster to gain and a bucket of bolt improvement. Transportation plays an important business in the complete dissolution and plows back into chain management as a result of without it, an excellent distribution action toward cannot realize it gifts into the entire role. The Coca-Cola Company has enhanced the van functionality that has to displease changed the yield and stance of the companys distribution management. Recommendation to Improve the Transportation System Integration in distribution management should spout in sending up the river to gain in a superior way benefit and move in and out reliable complementary in the full process. Through fusion reduction of mid-point, channels should expect. The coca cola gang up with freely provide the drinks during to the deadly consumers which results to cut full expenses and greater so monitoring the sources closely and efficiently. Coca-Cola Company has to act the costs of logistics and systematize, hence fit modernized deal of silent costs, nonchalance and separating all by one lonesome in skepticism of specialties and talent. For instance, the consumers, notably, both wholesalers and retailers should term the drinks output from pause deport. (Ross, 2011) The building a whole and promotion of company businesses crave to stand in with and a convoluted bucket of bolt systems at offbeat stages. The building a whole will gain the convenience on improving the position of interested information stray and companys functionality. Clients and different stakes who sip end output, ratiocinate the company greater efficient and easier using the digital mechanism. Most importantly, physical travail still incomplete to bring to a close the transportation operations. (Cooper, 2012) References Bosman, A. N. P., 2015. Online Transportation and Logistics. 4 ed. London: Advances in Computational Intelligence in Transport Logistics and Supply Management. Colyle, B. N., 2010. Supply Cahin Managemnet. Harvard Journal Review, 8(3), pp. 11-14. Cooper, D. M. L., 2012. Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Logistics, 8(1), pp. 1-13. Fair, E. W. W., 2013. Transportation and Logistics. 6 ed. New Jersy: Business publication. Kirkeby, K., 2014. Transportation: Commercial Industry Surveys. 2 ed. New York: Standard and Poor's. McGinnis, M. A., 2014. Relative Importance of cost in Freight Transportation. Transportation Journal, 30(1), pp. 12-19. Network, L. R., 2013. Re- engineering Logistics and suplly chain management to regain competitivenes, New York: Charter Institute of Logistics and Transport focus. Ross, D. F., 2011. Competing through Supply Chain Management. 5 ed. New York: Chapman and Hall. Thomas, P. M. G., 2014. Invited Review Coordinated Supply Chain Management. European Journal of IOperation Research, 94(3), pp. 1-5. Yee., S.-C., 2013. Technology Integartion of Business. 5 ed. london: Spinger.

The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay Essay Example

The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay Essay This approach forces officials to either respond with harsh punishment or doing nothing at all. Eventually, the system is reformed and a greater amount of leniency takes effect. This continues until the final phase, as Juvenile crime continues, policies are enacted requiring severe punishment Meson Howard, 1998). In 1899 at the same time as the creation of the juvenile court, a separate legal process for Juveniles was created, Probation units emphasizing social casework, became Integral components of a rehabilitative Juvenile Justice system Which continued into the sasss. In the sasss the legal rights of juveniles were increased o include due process considerations such as the right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination Meson Howard, 1998). Around this same period of time, demonstrativenesss and decentralization were becoming considerations in exchange for a more rehabilitative model. The rehabilitative approach was . Adopted by all states between 1970 and 1985. T he model again began to change In 1985 with the Increase of violence, drug use and distribution, and high gang activity. Currently, the juvenile justice system is stressing punishment and control of juveniles Meson Howard, 1998). One question that needs to be addressed is that of why should Juveniles be treated any different than that of an adult committing a crime and what are the problems with these Ideas? There are eight possible Justifications. One is that the crime committed by a Juvenile Is less serious than one committed by an adult. Seriousness can be thought about . In terms of harm or damage; another Is to think about the implications of the act for the future behavior of the offender. It is common to think of adult crimes as more serious than Juvenile delinquencies on both counts Evidence points to the contrary and the seriousness of offenses does not increase with age (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A second Justification Is that adults are responsible for their acts, whereas juveniles are not. In other words, Juveniles Do not or cannot anticipate the consequences of their acts This can also be referred to as low self-control and if low self-control is grounds to excuse the offender, than it would be logical to excuse many adults of their crime based on low self-control (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A third Justification is that Juveniles are more moldable than an adult is, respond better to treatment, and have a better chance of being rehabilitated. Evidence has en found to the contrary and furthermore, Adults have a declining crime rate regardless AT treatment (Hollers Gastronome, 1 Fourth Justification is there is a separate class of offenses, called status offenses, which are only offenses because of the age of the offender. One could argue in the reverse, that alcohol is frequently related to criminal acts, but is legal for adults to consume. We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another analogy to the Juvenile status offense of incorrigibility is the crime of resisting arrest by an adult (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A fifth Justification is that the Juvenile Justice system is that allows for the sealing f records so as not systematizing the offender and Jeopardizing their future. This creates a host of problematic issues. An offender could continue engaging in crime and a Judge would not know of past offenses, thereby possibly returning the offender to the streets. Also once a Juvenile reaches the age of majority, a clean slate is begun and is treated as a first time offender regardless of past offenses (Roth, 1997; Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A sixth Justification is that Juveniles are unable to care for themselves and that the state has the responsibility to care for them. There are many adults who are unable o care for themselves and the welfare interest would not affect the care of Juveniles if extended to these adults (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A seventh Justification is that by providing a separate system, Juveniles are provided separate facilities, away from the negative influences of adult offenders. Prisons have often been considered schools for crime, a fallacy (Roth, 1997; Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). There is no evidence that the longer an offender serves increases the chance of recidivism. There is some evidence That Juvenile offenders are as corrupt as adults. The other argument of the physical danger posed to a Juvenile . Is also usually misguided, because classification by security (or assault) risk is already widely practiced (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). The eighth Justification is the popular Justification of treatment versus punishment, as an excuse of leniency. This seems to become unpopular when the crime is one of a heinous nature. In this case frequently the public requests that adult standards should be applied (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). To summarize the present philosophies underlying the Juvenile Justice system we examine three pervasive arguments. The first is that Juveniles are not as responsible for their actions as adults are and therefore should not be held to the same standards. There are numerous benefits to merging the Juvenile Justice system with the adult criminal Justice system. There would be an increase in savings and efficiency. In many Jurisdictions there is a duplication of staff and functions, From computer systems to personnel officers to auditors to receptionists; courtroom space and personnel could be used more efficiently if the two were merged; as well as imbibing probation and parole officers. Savings could also be possible in detention and correctional facilities, for example by using a wing of an adult facility for Juvenile offenders (Dawson, 1990). A merger of the systems would result in saving by eliminating transfer costs. Presently, if a Juvenile in the upper Juvenile age range comes in, the prosecutor has the option of trying the Juvenile as an adult. A petition for a motion to transfer must be filed, psychological and sociological studies conducted, and an adversarial hearing held before it can be presented too Juvenile Judge. If the two systems were to erg, then the need for a transfer mechanism would be abolished (Dawson, 1990). An offender who commits a crime the day before the age of majority may be treated, as a Juvenile if the transfer mechanism is not invoked. A merger would eliminate the differential treatment; the tendency of officials to want to set an example of the almost adult Juvenile; and the difficulty of knowing the offenders true age, which is often misrepresented in order to be handled in one system over the other (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993; Dawson, 1990). Merging the two systems would have the benefit of providing for continuity of revises. At present, Juvenile records are sealed so it is difficult to determine if the juvenile is headed toward serious problems. Furthermore, the Juvenile, upon reaching the age of majority, has a clean slate, regardless of past record. But, even if the record were disclosed, there would be a tendency to discount the information in making a decision when viewing the individual as an adult (Roth, 1997; Dawson 1990). What the models or approaches have neglected up to this point is the importance of the victim and the community, accountability of the offender, and competency development. So far there has been the debate between punishment versus treatment as options, but both have negative side effects and essentially ignore everything else. The need for retribution may be satisfied by punishment, but the offender can be negatively affected. Punishment can undermine self-restraint, stigmatize ten offender Ana creates problems AT adjustment, wanly encourages delinquency, to name a couple, but it also encourages offenders to focus on themselves, not the victim and their responsibility (Bizarre Washington, 1995). Treatment seems to focus solely on the offender, providing them with benefits and to asking for anything in return. Offenders generally do not hear that they have harmed anyone, that action should be taken to Repair damages or make amends, and must receive consequences As a result of the offense (Bizarre Washington, 1995). The results of these considerations are a new approach called The Balanced Approach by Maloney, Oromo, and Armstrong, 1988, cited in Bizarre Washington, 1995. This approach provides three goals directed toward three primary entities, the victim, the offender, and the community. The three goals Are: accountability, competency development, and community protection. A fourth goal can be added, that of balance to address each of the three goals by policy and programs (Bizarre Washington, 1995). The primary goal of accountability would require the offender to Make amends for their crimes by repaying or restoring losses to victims and the community. The goal of Competency development, the rehabilitative goal for intervention, requires that youth who enter the Juvenile Justice system should exit the system more able to become productive and responsible in the community. The promotion of. Promoting public safety and security at the lowest possible cost is achieved by the hired goal of community protection. The priority of retributive Justice was to punish Through an adversarial process, restorative Justice gives priority to repairing the damage or harm done to victims and the community through a process of victim involvement, community participation, mediation, and reparation. Traditionally, restorative Justice models were offender focused and program driven, but with the addition of balance, there is a general commitment to a Set of values, which in turn, prescribes goals and performance outcomes directed toward meeting the needs Of offender, victim, and community The priorities for practice underlying each of the goals in the balanced approach are: for accountability (or sanctioning) the practice of restitution, community service, victim offender mediation, and victim awareness education; for competency development (or rehabilitation), the practice of work experience, cognitive and decision-making skills training, and service/learning; and for community protection (or safety), the practice of community-based surveillance and sanctioning systems, school and neighborhood prevention and capacity building efforts, and alternative dispute resolution and mediation (Bizarre Washington, 1995). To summarize the present philosophy of maintaining a separate Juvenile Justice system from that of the adult, we focus on three arguments: One that Juveniles are less responsible for their behavior, than adults; two, Juveniles have a greater potential for rehabilitation; and three, avoiding inappropriate legal rules (Dawson, If we attribute crime to low self-control then All that is required is to reduce the crime problem to manageable proportions is to teach people early in life that they wall De netter TOT In ten long run IT teeny pay attention to ten eventual consequences AT heir current behavior (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A possible approach would be a system of graduated sanctions, whereby the offenders are matched to appropriate punishments and treatments based on history and needs of the individual. This approach keeps in mind the founding philosophy of the Juvenile Justice system and can adequately address the present day offenders by balancing rehabilitation and punishment Meson Howard, 1998). Possibly the best approach, though would be the Balanced Approach, whereby the goals of accountability, competency development, and community protection would be directed toward a restorative justice.

Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes

â€Å"Despite gradual improvement over the last 25 years, the depiction of women on TV remains traditional and stereotyped†.# (Barner, 1) Many television programs have stereotyped men and women to behave in certain ways. What kind of job does a typical woman have? According to recent television programming, the typical woman is a teacher, nurse, secretary, or home maker. How realistic is this portrayal of women to the world? The typical woman is skinny, and very beautiful according to television programs, however all that you have to do is look around to see that not all women are â€Å"television beautiful†. Each woman is beautiful in her own way, however when they are objectified on television programs it creates a false sense of reality for those of us who do not look like Britney Spears or Christina Aguilera, and thus makes us think that if we are not skinny with long blonde hair that we are not beautiful. Television programs rarely portray women as doctors, la wyers, or business executives and when they are given these jobs, most of the women are to portray a neurotic version of a woman. Ally McBeal for example was a lawyer, but she was viewed by most people as a neurotic woman who was only good for a few laughs, and the only person who understood her was also very neurotic. Even the educational programming industry has become a part of this deception. Many of today’s children’s TV shows represent women as the mom who stays at home, or the nurse, or teacher: for example Dexter‘s Laboratory and The Rugrats. This makes young girls think that if they happen to want to be a scientist, it probably won’t happen because only men become scientists according to what we see on TV. Another issue that TV creates is young people starving themselves in a quest to achieve the â€Å"perfect body†. Not many people realize that nearly all actresses that are seen on TV have been altered or â€Å"touched up† by means of airbrushing or p... Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes â€Å"Despite gradual improvement over the last 25 years, the depiction of women on TV remains traditional and stereotyped†.# (Barner, 1) Many television programs have stereotyped men and women to behave in certain ways. What kind of job does a typical woman have? According to recent television programming, the typical woman is a teacher, nurse, secretary, or home maker. How realistic is this portrayal of women to the world? The typical woman is skinny, and very beautiful according to television programs, however all that you have to do is look around to see that not all women are â€Å"television beautiful†. Each woman is beautiful in her own way, however when they are objectified on television programs it creates a false sense of reality for those of us who do not look like Britney Spears or Christina Aguilera, and thus makes us think that if we are not skinny with long blonde hair that we are not beautiful. Television programs rarely portray women as doctors, la wyers, or business executives and when they are given these jobs, most of the women are to portray a neurotic version of a woman. Ally McBeal for example was a lawyer, but she was viewed by most people as a neurotic woman who was only good for a few laughs, and the only person who understood her was also very neurotic. Even the educational programming industry has become a part of this deception. Many of today’s children’s TV shows represent women as the mom who stays at home, or the nurse, or teacher: for example Dexter‘s Laboratory and The Rugrats. This makes young girls think that if they happen to want to be a scientist, it probably won’t happen because only men become scientists according to what we see on TV. Another issue that TV creates is young people starving themselves in a quest to achieve the â€Å"perfect body†. Not many people realize that nearly all actresses that are seen on TV have been altered or â€Å"touched up† by means of airbrushing or p...

Managing People Workbased learning, in public service management Essay

Managing People Workbased learning, in public service management - Essay Example Different organizations employ different human resource practices all aimed at ensuring effectiveness and efficiency. West Yorkshire police is one of the public service sectors whereby human resource is applied during the recruitment and selection process. In this public service sector, the recruitment process begins when an individual applies to join this sector. An individual is eligible to apply for a job in this sector if he or she is 18 years and above with no limit being set for application. This sector usually encourages the older people to apply for jobs in this job especially because to the nature of work carried out in this sector. The normal age of retirement for a serving police officer is sixty years. During the application process, no height restrictions are imposed and the abilities of a person who is applying for the job are considered as being vital. The recruitment process is thorough and detailed unlike in most organizations. This is so because the police sector requires people who are committed and royal. The application for job posts in the west Yorkshire police unlike most org anizations applies for both external and internal candidates. The application form is usually very detailed and incorrect filling of the form may lead to disqualification. While filling the form, relevance is highly recommended with candidates required to give accurate answers to the questions. Applications which are done in the last six months are automatically rejected. Once an individual's application goes through the first stage, the candidate is called in to commence training which is a probation which takes approximately two years under which the candidate is evaluated and his or her fitness assessed to ensure he or she is fit to join the police force (Training & Development Centre, n. d). For application to be termed viable and worth of consideration in the new Yorkshire police department, there are several qualifications which a candidate must have. One of the qualifications is that he or she should have been convicted or even cautioned by the court for serious crimes like rape, murder or even kidnapping. Also, offences which may have resulted into prison sentences and offences which are recordable also make one to be disqualified to join the police force. Tattoos which the west Yorkshire police feels that they undermine the authority and dignity of the constable's office or are numerous, garish or prominent may make an application to be rejected. Tattoos should not lead to provocation or even offend the citizens and other colleagues at workplace. Good health as well as fitness is prerequisites before joining the police force especially because of the nature and kind of work that is carried out by the police. However, this does not disqualify the disabled persons an d necessary adjustments are made to accommodate them if the disability cannot tamper with such an individual's work. Political allegiance can also make a person's application to be rejected by the new Yorkshire police. Individuals belonging to the British national party and other such organizations which may contradict diversity or led to racial inequality are also disqualified and thus their applications are

Legitimacy Theory In Brewing And Hotels Sector Essay

Legitimacy Theory In Brewing And Hotels Sector - Essay Example These social contracts may be three-fold; between the society and the state, the society and the businesses and between the state and the businesses. Suchman says that legitimacy is the general view that an entity's actions are desirable, appropriate as well as proper in the light of values, norms, and beliefs within a system that's socially constructed.Suchman further highlights three kinds of legitimacy in organizations. These are; cognitive, moral and pragmatic. Management of legitimacy according to him also faces various challenges like maintenance, gaining and the repairing of it. He also writes that communication is where the management of legitimacy rests. Therefore, while the function of legitimacy is being examined it’s not possible to sideline the corporate communications’ essentiality. It attributes to goals or purposes that a business entity has.It's an issue that's widely linked with issues of corporate governance. Corporate governance is defined as the pow er exercised over business entities with the aim of increasing the value toward its stakeholders. These stakeholders should be accountable for their actions to the society at large to make sure that they achieve these objectives. That's, both to the internal and the external societies. The internal society may refer to issues like workers' protection like adherence to industrial and factory safety measures while the external society is the entire society not involved in the business actions first- hand. (William, 2009)

William Shakespeare also known as “The Bard” Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare also known as â€Å"The Bard† Essay William Shakespeare was one of the best writers of his time, and has written stories that are still being read and talked about today. He was thought of to be an inspiration to many upcoming writers and has helped to shape literature into what is today. Shakespeare’s writing s give vivid and interesting details about the topic he is writing about. His writings also tend to make others enjoy reading more often. Even though Shakespeare has no birth records there are church records which indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From that information they believed that he was born either on or near April 23, 1564. Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582. William was 18 and she was 26 and also pregnant. Shakespeare’s first child was a daughter born on May 26, 1583, they named her Susanna. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare who was a leather merchant and his mother Mary who was a local landed heiress. Shakespeare had two sisters Joan and Judith, and his three younger brothers Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. From roughly 1594 Shakespeare was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men Company of theatrical players. It was said that â€Å"Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Shakespeare was also often called the English national poet and is to be considered the greatest dramatist of all time. Also there are little Cox 2 records of Shakespeare’s childhood and virtually none about his education, but scholars think Shakespeare attended King’s New School. Others often ponder on whether William Shakespeare really existed. By 1952 there was some evidence that Shakespeare was living as an actor and a playwright in London and may have had several plays produced. Around 1597 15 of Shakespeare’s 37 plays  had been published. By 1599 Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater, which they later called the Globe. Shakespeare’s early plays were written in a conventional style of his time with complex metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn’t always match with his plot or characters. Although Shakespeare was very modern, adapting to the customary style to his own motives and creating a freer flow of words. Shakespeare’s work and been a major influence on later theatre and literature. Throughout the 1590’s Shakespeare’s reputation continued to grow. From 1594 to 1608 he was fully involved in  the London theater world. During much of this period, Shakespeare was ranked as London’s most popular playwright, based on the number of times his plays were performed and published. By the late 1590’s Shakespeare had become an established writer and a prosperous. Cox 3 By 1612 Shakespeare had become England’s most successful playwright. It was said that he divided his time between Stratford and London. Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in the late 16th and early 17th century. Today his plays are highly popular and are persistently studied and reinterpreted in plays. The genius of Shakespeare’s plays will forever be performed and read. Furthermore William Shakespeare also known as â€Å"The Bard† was a man who changed the way we look at literature today. Also he was thought to be a literature genius making his plays different and extraordinary. Shakespeare is a man who others have looked at throughout the course of history to learn to be better writers. William Shakespeare was a legend and shows just how much reading and writing can take you. Cox 4 Citation Page www. biography. com – William Shakespeare www. worldbookonline. com – William Shakespeare.

Bisphenol A in polycarbonate is not a Serious Hazard to Human Health Es

Is the Bisphenol A in polycarbonate a serious hazard to human health? Abstract: Polycarbonate, which is a polymer plastic, is found in many bottles and food packaging around the world. However, because Bisphenol A is used in the processing of it, there is a potential danger to humans. Bisphenol A is a molecule that is a hormone inhibitor and also mirrors the function of estrogen. Although the EPA has released a safe level for Bisphenol A ingestion, recent research has shown that those levels may not be safe for humans. Until further testing is done, scientists aren’t certain of the threshold of BPA intake in humans before dangerous health effects occur. Polycarbonate of Bisphenol A is a thermoplastic polymer that is easily shaped, worked with, and transformed. It has become a popular plastic for manufacturers to use, and they have been under fire recently for making bottles and food packaging out of this possibly potent material. Polycarbonate has the recycling number 7 and usually the letters PC. It contains multiple functional groups linked together by carbonate groups in a molecular chain. In the structure of this repeating molecule, there are the carbonate groups and methyl groups. The polycarbonate of Bisphenol A (BPA) is different from the others because it is processed using that molecule. The synthesis of this type of polycarbonate is as follows: 2 Bisphenol A and sodium hydroxide react to form the sodium salt of Bisphenol A. http://pslc.ws/macrog/pc.htm Then, this molecule is reacted with phosgene. Phosgene was once used as a chemical weapon in World War I, but now is an important component of organic compounds. The molecular formula of phosgene is Cl2CO. http://pslc.ws/macrog/pc.htm Final step in... ...and dose dependency of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of bisphenol A in neonatal sprague-dawley rats following oral administration. 77(2): 230-242. Elsby, Robert, James Maggs, John Ashby, and Kevin Park. "Comparison of the Modulatory Effects of Human and Rat Liver Microsomal Metabolism on the Estrogenicity of Bisphenol A: Implications for Extrapolation to Humans." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 297 (2001). LeGrand, Donald. Handbook of polycarbonate science and technology, NY, 2000. NTP BRIEF ON BISPHENOL A. Rep.No. 80-05-7. National Toxicology Program. 2008. "Plastics chemical bisphenol-A may promote breast cancer." 28 Aug. 2006. 25 July 2008. . â€Å"Polycarbonates† 25 July 2008.

Effects of imperialism in Asia Essay

â€Å"What impact did Western imperialism and colonialism have on Asia† That Colonialism and imperialism played a significant role in shaping the modern world and particularly Asia is a prudent judgment. Colonialism is â€Å"a policy in which a country rules other nations and develops trade for its own benefit† and â€Å"the extension of power or authority over others in the interests of domination† (2004). ‘The West’, which refers to the societies of Europe and their genealogical, colonial, and philosophical descendants. Spain, France, Britain, Canada, and the United States of America are some examples of Western societies. These countries have spread their influence and hegemony over other nations for centuries; shaping today’s North America, Central-America, South America, Africa, Oceana, and Asia (Western Society, 2004). Indochina is a region that today we would consider as Southeast Asia, comprised of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam (Indochina, 2001). Its most recent and most important contact with the West came from France and America. The West had a negative impact on Indochina because its influence damaged Southeast Asia’s system of government, destroyed and diluted the indigenous culture, caused many people to lose their lives and liberty, and set the course for future economic depressions and poverty. INDO-CHINESE GOVERNMENT. Under French colonisation, the Indochinese political structure went into shambles (Hammer, 1966). The puppet governments installed after French colonization were â€Å"repressive, totalitarian, and corrupt which meant that age old traditional and cultural monarchies were replaced by despots under French influence. In little time, each country lost its own unique identity; Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam disappeared off maps and were replaced simply by ‘French Indochina’ (Vietnam War, 2004). Only French-speaking or French-educated people were allowed to gain high positions in government, while others were treated as second-class citizens and toiled in the fields. Opposition to these policies was punishable by exile or imprisonment. This system of government ensured absolute French political control over Indochina’s administration and contributed to lost initiative among the working class people (Hammer, 1966). This system would dominate for about a  hundred years, suppressing regular riots and movements undertaken by the Indochinese people. As time went on, communism’s appeal grew stronger as the repressed saw a light in forms of promised equality, housing, education, money, and better jobs (Vietnam War, 2004). CULTURAL EFFECTS. Culture was also affected. Before French colonization, Vietnam was China’s ‘sphere of influence’. After French colonization, however, Vietnam was torn between two spheres of influence, Chinese and French. The French also imposed their influence on Laos and Cambodia. As a result, many Indochinese people became confused. They did not know whether they should embrace the new forceful French influence, or try to live their shattered pre-existing lifestyle in secrecy (Vietnam War, 2004). Hammer states, â€Å"the widely diffused Chinese educational system, teaching history and morality as well as language, which linked Vietnam with its past, was abolished.† (1966, p.63). The French did whatever they could to stuff their culture down the throats of the people of Indochina; one strategy was manipulating the education system. They implemented a policy where all public secondary education would be taught in French, not the native language of the people (Clayton, 2002). Since the beginning, France had plans to seed their culture in Indochina. Even before colonization of Indochina, French missionaries were sent around the world to spread the French culture through mission civilisatrice (civilizing mission). This policy affirmed that it was France’s â€Å"duty to spread the ways of the superior beings to inferior beings with inferior ways of living† (Ty, n.d., para.17). In addition to implementing new policies and changing existing ones, assimilation was another method of cultural dominance. The French were not hesitant to intermix with Indochinese women and assimilate them and their children to adhere to Western ways of life (Vietnam War, 2004). Everyday lifestyle changes were another method of ensuring cultural dominance. The French manipulated those who had power. A portion of the elite class in Indochina admired the French for their ‘prestigious’ lifestyle and converted to Catholicism, setting an example for the lower  classes (Vietnam War, 2004). Literature is an important part of culture, seeing that countries keep their records, history, and information in texts which would be stored for future generations. A French missionary named Alexander de Rhodes romanized the Vietnamese language, which used to utilize Chinese symbols. This new script, called ‘Quoc Ngu’, detracted Vietnam from its original culture and China’s sphere of influence. Quoc Ngu’s impact is so large, that it is the how the Vietnamese language is written and read today (Quoc Ngu, 2001). In the later 20th century, the Western urban youth’s rebellious lifestyle leaked its way to the Indochinese people. Many young Indochinese people embraced sexual freedom and the movies, clothing styles, and rock music from Western cultures became popular (Vietnam War, 2004). As well as corrupting the way of life for all of Indochinese people and destroying the cultural language of Vietnam, many important historical and cultural cities such as the ancient dynastic capital of Vietnam, Hue, were physically destroyed during the Vietnam War’s bombings (Vietnam War, 2004). As most people lost their government and culture, they became restless and weary of living their peasant lifestyle. Peasants struggled under heavy taxes and high rents. Workers in factories, in coal mines, and on rubber plantations labored in abysmal conditions for low wages. A growing nationalistic fervor was growing by shared feelings of anger, poverty, destitution, and lost liberty. This fervor contributed to the formation of many revolutionary movements. Many people died, became refugees, or became homeless while trying to overthrow foreign invaders out of their country to unify their people. The Vietnamese revolutionary group, the Viet Minh, had a prime objective to overthrow the oppressive governments and install a Communist regime to unify Vietnam. After the end World War II, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh, declared Vietnam’s independence from France (Vietnam War, 2004). Minh was prepared to go at great lengths and sacrifices to achieve his dream of a unified Vietnam. â€Å"You can kill 10 of my men for every one I kill of yours, yet even at those odds, you will lose and I will win.†, decreed Minh himself (Karnow, 1998, para.2). The French were unwilling to give up their colony, a symbol of their world power, so they opposed this informal declaration and attempted to reassert their power back into Indochina by militarist means. This resulted in the bloody Franco-Viet  Minh war where the French were defeated, but at a large human cost to the Vietnamese freedom fighters (Vietnam War, 2004). The victory for the Vietnamese in the eight-year-long Franco-Viet Minh war was supposed to end Indochina’s colonization, and end the bloodshed to unite their people. For nearly a hundred years the people of Southeast Asia resisted and rebelled to no avail, until this landmark victory. But the bloodshed did not stop. Minh’s declaration of independence and liberation would not happen for thirty more years of fighting. The second Indochinese War, The Vietnam War, had an even greater effect on Southeast Asians’ lives. American ‘Secret Bombing’ campaigns and countless napalm strikes lead to the destruction of many homes and at least 10 million people became homeless, and 800,000 became war orphans in South Vietnam alone at the end of the Vietnam War. Most crucially, most of these casualties were civilians. South Vietnamese civilians made up a significant portion of victims of the bombings, even though they were allied to the Americans. Entire cities, forests, mountains, and fields were laid to waste. One quarter of Laos’s population became refugees; which is approximately 500,000 people. In total, over 5 million Indochinese lives were lost fighting for their independence and freedom (Vietnam War, 2004). ECONOMICS. Indochina’s economic problems today can be traced back to colonial times. France’s mercantilist policy exploited the land, labour, and resources of Southeast Asian countries. Indochina was simply a large pool of natural resources for French industrialists. France would get the resources it needed from Indochina, manufacture them into goods, and sell them to her colonies at inflated prices. In addition, Indochina was not an autonomous colony, meaning it could not be self-sufficient. This was intentional because France wanted to have a monopoly on trade with her colonies (Hammer, 1966). France’s attempt to industrialize Indochina only ravaged the land. The sudden shift from calm subsistence farming to large plantations lead to a precariously unbalanced economy that was extremely dependent on agricultural exports; which would eventually be disastrous because of future  land degradation (State of the Environment Vietnam, 2002). A large decline in the number of farmers was not good for agriculture, either. During the time of European domination, productions of rice grew immensely. With this increase of production came an increase in quotas that impoverished peasants had to yield to their landlords, causing widespread famine (Hammer, 1966). Hammer states, â€Å"[Both areas referring to Vietnam] In the 1930’s, at a time when the Vietnamese people did not have enough to eat, Cochin China exported rice in considerable quantities, even Tonkin managed to export some.† (1966, p. 64). Adding to the famine was the insistence that nonfood crops like jute, oil seeds, and opium be grown in certain areas instead of rice (Hammer, 1966). Today, economic expansion is extremely difficult because of Indochina’s history. Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia rank as some of the most undeveloped and impoverished countries in the world. Strained foreign relations as a result of Indochina’s wars and its communist system of government have lead to significant decreases in foreign aid over the past decades (CIA World Factbook, 2003). Although agriculture makes up a significant portion of Indochina’s economy, Indochina cannot even rely on their agricultural economy because Vietnam’s fields, forests, and streams have been contaminated or destroyed by Agent Orange and napalm strikes. As well, Laos’s beautiful jungles consisting of exotic woods, timber, and stones are laden with millions of deadly, unexploded land ordnance, and Cambodia’s prolonged anarchy has proven fatal for any form of significant economic growth. The effect of Indochina’s hardships created by the West has even hindered i ts ability to pick up where it left off, before foreign influence (Vietnam War, 2004). Even decades after formal European military conquest and intervention, Indochina continues to feel the sting of the West’s influence. Today, Southeast Asia is among the poorest places in the world, where people enjoy very little personal freedom and opportunity. Indochina’s primitive infrastructure and poverty-stricken society is burdened by its history and injured foreign relations. The future for Southeast Asia in terms of political stability, human liberty, and economic growth looks unpleasant  because of on-going internal civil tensions caused by unresolved conflicts brought upon by Western imperialism and colonialism. The West truly had a detrimental impact on Indochina because it caused the collapse of Indochina’s traditional system of government, loss and weakening of its pre-existing culture, diminishment of its people’s prosperity and freedom, and destruction of its economy. Concisely, Indochina’s relationship with the West brought nothin g but bloodshed, tears, poverty, famine, and a legacy of economic and social problems that will continue to plague Southeast Asia for centuries to come.